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多元智慧理論
多元智慧理論為哈佛大學教授迦納教授（Howard Gardner）提出，對於人類的智慧是可以培育並且改進的概念上，提供了世界各地的教育人士強而有力理論基礎。多元智慧理論推翻了一個人的智慧一出生時便已決定的論點。老師和學校便因此賦予教育我們的下一代和啟發他們多元的智慧的重大任務。
多元智慧理論說明了人類的智慧是多元的，至少有8種智慧，包括：語文智慧、邏輯-數學智慧、空間智慧、肢體動覺智慧、音樂智慧、人際關係智慧、內省智慧和自然觀察智慧。每個人都擁有這八種智慧，只是程度上的不同。這八大智慧並非各自獨立運作而是相輔相成。
教育人士發現不同類型的智慧是協同作用的，當一項智慧發生變化時，其他智慧隨即受到影響。事實上，每個人可以善用強勢智慧喚醒其弱勢智慧。
傳統教育方法將大部分的重心放在強勢智慧為語文和邏輯- 數學的學習者身上，而為具備其他強勢 慧，只是學習方式不同的學生貼上學習障礙的標籤。
迦納教授大力提倡課程設計和授課方式的改變，課程才得以涵蓋所有智慧的學習活動，而強勢智慧並非語文和邏輯－數學智慧的學生才不致被忽略，處於學習劣勢。
每個孩子都是獨立的個體。不論是在成長背景、經驗、資質和需要都各有不同，因此教育工作者必須視每個孩子為不同的個體，以不同的方式引導啟發每個孩子的天資。
有了對人類智慧的全新認識，幼稚園和老師便無法再繼續既有的 “以一概全”的方式從事教育事業。幼稚園並非教育工廠，老師亦非教學機器，不應該也沒有權利抹殺每個孩子獨特的智慧能力。
The
Understanding Pathway: A Conversation with Howard Gardner
by Marge Scherer
On
Teaching for Understanding: A Conversation with Howard Gardner
by Ron Brandt
The
First Seven...and the Eighth: A Conversation with Howard Gardner
by Kathy Checkley
Teaching
for Understanding--Within and Across the Disciplines
by Howard Gardner and Veronica Boix-Mansilla
An
Interview with Howard Gardner
by NEA (National Education Association) Today's Stefanie Weiss in March
1999
Project
SUMIT - The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
An excerpt from The Project Zero Classroom: New Approaches to Understanding,
a publication based on Project Zero's 1996 Summer Institute presentations.
Multiple
Intelligences : Gardner's Theory
A concise introduction to Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences by
ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation, Washington DC.
UTC-TRC--Multiple
Intelligences
What is the traditional view of an intelligence? What constitutes an intelligence?
What are the multiple intelligences? These are some questions answered
at the Teaching Resource Centre of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
Learning
Windows and the Child's Brain
A concise article that explores research into the theory of learning windows
which are series of time periods during which a child can best learn or
refine a particular ability, such as speech.
Article:
Learning Through Multiple Intelligences
by Dee Dickinson
Multiple
Intelligences: Seven Ways to Approach Curriculum
by Thomas Armstrong
Using
Multiple Intelligences To Set Goals
by Launa Ellison
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Frames
of Mind : The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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Multiple
Intelligences : The Theory in Practice
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The
Unschooled Mind : How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach
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The
Disciplined Mind : Beyond Facts and Standardized Tests, the K-12
Education That Every Child Deserves
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Intelligence
Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century
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| 多元智慧理論 | 八種智慧 | 育腦樂園多元智慧內涵 |
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